Sexual Crimes in Conflict Database
A collection of relevant literature and case law
Showing 21 to 30 of 36 results.
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Jurisprudence non-judicial mechanisms
International Commission of Inquiry on Guinea
- Country
- Guinea
- Keywords
- Rape Humiliating and Degrading Treatment Forced Nudity Sexual Slavery Killings
- Reference link
- www.legal-tools.org/en/browse/record/c5939f/
- Research focus
- Causality, Functionality and Logic of Conflict-related Sexual Violence
- Type of mechanism
- Commission of Inquiry
- Name of mechanism
- International Commission of Inquiry on Guinea
- Status
- 2715
- Findings
- On 28 September 2009, the red berets and gendarmes surrounded the stadium, blocked the exits, stormed through the main gates, fired tear gas and set about killing or wounding the demonstrators or subjecting them to sexual assault. In under two hours, hundreds of civilians had died or been seriously wounded, stripped in public and subjected to widespread sexual abuse, being unable to flee as the exits from the stadium had been blocked. The authorities then began an organized attempt to cover up the crimes and, as a result, at least 89 persons have been reported missing, some are suffering from permanent injuries, while others will be afflicted with long-term physical and mental suffering. Among the many crimes the COI confirmed (e.g. killings), it also confirmed that at least 109 women were subjected to (gang) rape and other sexual violence, including sexual mutilation and sexual slavery. Several women died of their wounds following particularly cruel sexual attacks. Women were subjected to collective rape, often involving the use of objects, in public places, and all these acts were committed over a period of less than two hours, mainly in one place, in full view and with the full knowledge of all those who were present.
- Recommendations
- On 18 December 2009, the COI recommended, <i>inter alia</i>, that the Guinean Government should be strongly urged to provide the families concerned with all relevant information on the case of persons who have disappeared, that the International Criminal Court should be asked to investigate the persons alleged to have committed crimes against humanity, that adequate reparation should be made to the victims and that targeted sanctions should be imposed against the principal perpetrators of the violations. <b>The COI qualified the acts committed as: (1) violations of human rights and (2) violations of international criminal law.</b> As for the violations of human rights it held that the sexual slavery to which a number of women were subjected constitutes, <i>inter alia</i>, a <i>violation of the prohibition against holding anyone in slavery or servitude </i>(Article 8 of the ICCPR). The at least 109 women who were found subjected to sexual violence were held to be grave violations of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, i.e. <i>torture</i> (Article 1). These acts inflicted “severe pain or suffering” in order to punish the victims for an act which they had committed (participation in a demonstration prohibited by the Government) and to intimidate them, particularly to deter them from demonstrating against the authorities in the future. The persons responsible for these acts were soldiers, gendarmes, policemen and militiamen. The latter clearly acted “at the instigation of [a public official] or with the consent or acquiescence [of a public official]” since they were operating in conjunction with the security forces which were engaged in repression. Some of these acts, such as stripping women naked in public or certain less severe types of aggression, may be categorized as <i>cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment</i>, the COI stated. These acts of sexual violence were also considered <i>violations of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women</i>, since they were clearly directed against women as such. As for the violations of international criminal law, the COI held that it was established that <i>crimes against humanity</i> had been committed, <i>including rape, sexual slavery and sexual violence</i>. The COI referred to the Rome Statute for the prohibition of rape and other forms of sexual violence as a crime against humanity (Article 7(1)(g)).
- Date of report / release
- 1909-12-18
- Reparations / awards
- <p style="text-align:justify; line-height:115%"><span lang="EN-US">As for the reparations, specific mention was made of the victims of sexual violence. It was held that victims should receive, e.g.: </span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; line-height:115%"><span lang="EN-US">(1) medical treatment and adequate care, in particular for the victims of sexual violence, who should be given treatment for HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases; and </span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; line-height:115%"><span lang="EN-US">(2) psychological counselling, particularly for victims of gender-based violence, especially rape and sexual violence.</span></p>
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Literature
Jain, Neha - Marriage as a Crime against Humanity...
- Year
- 2008
- Issues
- Definitions/Elements of Sexual Violence Crimes
- Country
- Sierra Leone, Cambodia, Rwanda, Uganda
- Keywords
- Forced Marriage Inhuman Treatment Sexual Slavery Crimes Against Humanity Armed Conflict
- Reference link
- https://academic.oup.com/jicj/article-abstract/6/5/1013/835363?redirectedFrom=fulltext
- Full reference
- Jain, Neha, "Forced marriage as a Crime against Humanity: Problems of Definition and Prosecution", in J Int Criminal Justice, 2008, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 1013-1032.
- Type of literature
- Journal Article
- Research focus
- Gaps in the Jurisprudence and Legislation on Conflict-related Sexual Violence crimes
- Author
- Jain, Neha
- Type of mechanism
- Hybrid court
- Name of mechanism
- Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)
-
Literature
McHenry, James - The Prosecution of Rape under International Law...
- Year
- 2002
- Issues
- Achievements and Challenges of Sexual Violence Prosecution
- Country
- Rwanda, Former Yugoslavia
- Keywords
- Sexual Slavery Prosecution Equality
- Reference link
- https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/vantl35&div=44&id=&page=
- Full reference
- McHenry, James, "The Prosecution of Rape under International Law: Justice That is Long Overdue", in Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, 2002, vol. 35, pp. 1269-1311.
- Type of literature
- Journal Article
- Research focus
- Gaps in the Jurisprudence and Legislation on Conflict-related Sexual Violence crimes
- Author
- McHenry, James
- Type of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal/Court
- Name of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
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Literature
Merope, Sienna - Recharacterizing the Lubanga Case...
- Year
- 2011
- Issues
- Definitions/Elements of Sexual Violence Crimes
- Country
- Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
- Keywords
- Sexual Slavery Inhuman Treatment Prosecution Recharacterization
- Reference link
- https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10609-011-9143-3
- Full reference
- Merope, Sienna, "Recharacterizing the Lubanga Case: Regulation 55 and the Consequences for Gender Justice at the ICC", in Criminal Law Forum, 2011, vol. 22, pp.311-346.
- Type of literature
- Journal Article
- Research focus
- Gaps in the Jurisprudence and Legislation on Conflict-related Sexual Violence crimes
- Author
- Merope, Sienna
- Type of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal/Court
- Name of mechanism
- International Criminal Court
-
Literature
Mibenge, Chiseche S. - Investigating Outcomes of a Limited Gender Analysis of Enslavement...
- Year
- 2010
- Issues
- Definitions/Elements of Sexual Violence Crimes
- Reference link
- https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15423166.2010.213451362255
- Full reference
- Mibenge, Chiseche, "Investigating Outcomes of a Limited Gender Analysis of Enslavement in Post-conflict Justice Processes", in Journal of Peacebuilding & Development, 2010, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 34-46.
- Type of literature
- Journal Article
- Research focus
- Gaps in the Jurisprudence and Legislation on Conflict-related Sexual Violence crimes
- Author
- Mibenge, Chiseche S.
-
Literature
Mibenge, Chiseche S. - Sex and International Tribunals...
- Year
- 2013
- Issues
- Definitions/Elements of Sexual Violence Crimes
- Country
- Rwanda, Sierra Leone
- Keywords
- Forced Marriage Sexual Slavery Impartiality Universality Prosecution Feminist Approach Mass Rape
- Reference link
- https://muse.jhu.edu/book/24977#info_wrap
- Full reference
- Mibenge, Chiseche Salome, Sex and International Tribunals: The Erasure of Gender from the War Narrative, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.
- Type of literature
- Book
- Research focus
- Gaps in the Jurisprudence and Legislation on Conflict-related Sexual Violence crimes
- Author
- Mibenge, Chiseche S.
- Type of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal/Court, Truth Commission
- Name of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), The Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)
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Literature
Mullins, Christopher W. - We Are Going to Rape You and Taste Tutsi Women
- Year
- 2009
- Issues
- Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War
- Country
- Rwanda
- Keywords
- Genocidal Rape Sexual Slavery Mass Rape Genocide
- Reference link
- https://academic.oup.com/bjc/article-abstract/49/6/719/414361?redirectedFrom=fulltext
- Full reference
- Mullins, Christopher W., “'We Are Going to Rape You and Taste Tutsi Women': Rape During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide", in British Journal of Criminology, 2009, vol. 49, no. 6,pp. 719-735.
- Type of literature
- Journal Article
- Research focus
- Causality, Functionality and Logic of Conflict-related Sexual Violence
- Author
- Mullins, Christopher W.
- Type of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal/Court
- Name of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
-
Literature
Oosterveld, Valerie - Gender and the Charles Taylor Case...
- Year
- 2012
- Issues
- Achievements and Challenges of Sexual Violence Prosecution Definitions/Elements of Sexual Violence Crimes Modes of Liability
- Country
- Sierra Leone
- Keywords
- Sexual Slavery Forced Marriage Outrages upon Personal Dignity Responsibility Enslavement
- Reference link
- https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1110&context=lawpub
- Full reference
- Oosterveld, Valerie, "Gender and the Charles Taylor Case at the Special Court for Sierra Leone", in Wm. & Mary J. Women & L., 2012-2013, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 7-33.
- Type of literature
- Journal Article
- Research focus
- Gaps in the Jurisprudence and Legislation on Conflict-related Sexual Violence crimes
- Author
- Oosterveld, Valerie
- Type of mechanism
- Hybrid court
- Name of mechanism
- Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)
-
Literature
Oosterveld, Valerie - The Construction of Gender in Child Soldiering in the Special Court for Sierra Leone
- Year
- 2018
- Issues
- Sexual Violence against Children Role of Non-state Actors in Perpetrating Violence
- Country
- Sierra Leone
- Keywords
- Sexual Slavery Child Soldiers Sexual Violence against Boys
- Reference link
- http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3305328
- Full reference
- Valerie Oosterveld, “The Construction of Gender in Child Soldiering in the Special Court for Sierra Leone”, in Mark A. Drumbl and Jastine C. Barrett (eds.), Research Handbook on Child Soldiers, Edward Elgar Publishing Forthcoming, 2019.
- Type of literature
- Chapter in Book
- Research focus
- Investigation, Prosecution and Prevention of Conflict related Sexual Violence, Gaps in the Jurisprudence and Legislation on Conflict-related Sexual Violence crimes, Obstacles to Establish Accountability for Sexual Violence Crimes
- Author
- Oosterveld, Valerie
-
Literature
Oosterveld, Valerie – Gender-Based Crimes against Humanity
- Year
- 2011
- Issues
- Achievements and Challenges of Sexual Violence Prosecution Definitions/Elements of Sexual Violence Crimes
- Reference link
- http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1885721
- Full reference
- Valerie Oosterveld, “Gender-Based Crimes against Humanity”, in Leila N. Sadat (ed.), Forging a Convention for Crimes against Humanity, Cambridge University Press, 2011, pp. 78-101.
- Type of literature
- Chapter in Book
- Research focus
- Investigation, Prosecution and Prevention of Conflict related Sexual Violence, Gaps in the Jurisprudence and Legislation on Conflict-related Sexual Violence crimes, Obstacles to Establish Accountability for Sexual Violence Crimes
- Author
- Oosterveld, Valerie
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