Sexual Crimes in Conflict Database

A collection of relevant literature and case law

Showing 21 to 30 of 37 results.

  • Jurisprudence judicial mechanism

    ICTR - Casimir Bizimungu (Bizimungu et al. “Government II”)

    Country
    Rwanda
    Keywords
    Acquittal Command Responsibility Crimes Against Humanity Genocide Prevention Tutsi War Crimes

    Reference link
    Click here
    Type of mechanism
    International Criminal Tribunal/Court
    Name of mechanism
    International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
    Name of accused
    Casimir Bizimungu
    Charges
    Bizimungu was charged with sexual violence as follows:Genocide or, alternatively, complicity in genocide and rape as a crime against humanity as well as outrages upon personal dignity as a violation of Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II as war crimes under Article 6(3) (command responsibility) for failing to prevent or to punish the rapes of Tutsi women and students committed by soldiers and Interahamwe at the secondary nursing school in Kabgayi in Gitarama prefecture.
    Trial chamber verdict
    Mid-trial, in 2005, Bizimungu was acquitted of the sexual violence charges due to a lack of evidence (See the Decision on Defense Motions Pursuant to Rule 98bis).
    Appeals chamber verdict
    Bizimungu was acquitted by the Trial Chamber on 30 September 2011 (on all counts).
    Status
    2715
    Case number
    ICTR-99-50

  • Jurisprudence judicial mechanism

    ICTR - Anatole Nsengiyumva (Bagasora et al. “Military I”)

    Country
    Rwanda
    Keywords
    Acquittal Command Responsibility Genocide Inhuman Treatment Tutsi War Crimes Rape as Crime Against Humanity

    Reference link
    Click here
    Type of mechanism
    International Criminal Tribunal/Court
    Name of mechanism
    International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
    Name of accused
    Anatole Nsengiyumva
    Charges
    Nsengiyumva had been charged with sexual violence crimes - i.e. conspiracy to commit genocide, genocide, complicity in genocide, rape as a crime against humanity, persecution as a crime against humanity, other inhumane acts as a crime against humanity, violence to health and to the physical or mental well-being of civilians as a violation of Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II as a war crime and outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment, rape and indecent assault as a violation of Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II as a war crime under Article 6(3) (command responsibility) for: (i) rapes, sexual assaults and other crimes of a sexual nature committed against Tutsi women and girls in various locations in Gisenyi, including at Nyundo parish.
    Trial chamber verdict
    Nsengiyumva was found not guilty for the sexual violence crimes under these counts by the Trial Chamber (on 18 December 2008).
    sentencing
    Nsengiyumva was sentenced to 15 years’ imprisonment on 14 December 2011 (for other charges).
    Appeals chamber verdict
    The acquittal for the sexual violence was not appealed by the Prosecution.
    Status
    2715
    Case number
    ICTR-98-41

  • Jurisprudence judicial mechanism

    ICTR - Aloys Ntabakuze (Bagasora et al. “Military I”)

    Issues
    Modes of Liability
    Country
    Rwanda
    Keywords
    Acquittal Command Responsibility Crimes Against Humanity Genocide Sexual Violence Tutsi War Crimes Rape as Crime Against Humanity

    Reference link
    Click here
    Type of mechanism
    International Criminal Tribunal/Court
    Name of mechanism
    International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
    Name of accused
    Aloys Ntabakuze
    Charges
    Ntabakuze had been charged with sexual violence crimes: i.e. conspiracy to commit genocide, genocide, complicity in genocide, rape as a crime against humanity, persecution as a crime against humanity, other inhumane acts as a crime against humanity, violence to health and to the physical or mental well-being of civilians as a violation of Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II as a war crime and outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment, rape and indecent assault as a violation of Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II as a war crime under Article 6(3) (command responsibility) for: (i) rapes, sexual assaults and other crimes of a sexual nature committed against Tutsi women and girls throughout Rwanda, including at the secondary nursing school in Kabgayi, in Gitarama prefecture;(ii) the sexual assault of Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana
    Trial chamber verdict
    Ntabakuze was found not guilty for the sexual violence crimes under these counts by the Trial Chamber (on 18 December 2008).
    sentencing
    Ntabakuze was given a sentence of 35 years’ imprisonment on 8 May 2012 (for other charges).
    Appeals chamber verdict
    The acquittal for the sexual violence was not appealed by the Prosecution.
    Status
    2715
    Case number
    ICTR-98-41

  • Literature

    Human Rights Watch - Justice Compromised: The Legacy of Rwanda’s Community...

    Year
    2011
    Country
    Rwanda
    Keywords
    Gender-Based Violence Fair Representation Fair Trial Genocide Rape

    Reference link
    https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/05/31/justice-compromised/legacy-rwandas-community-based-gacaca-courts
    Full reference
    Human Rights Watch, "Justice Compromised: The Legacy of Rwanda’s Community Based Gacaca Courts", available at https://www.hrw.org/report/2011/05/31/justice-compromised/legacy-rwandas-community-based-gacaca-courts, last accessed at 01 February 2019.
    Type of literature
    Grey Literature
    Research focus
    Gaps in the Jurisprudence and Legislation on Conflict-related Sexual Violence crimes
    Author
    Human Rights Watch
    Type of mechanism
    Domestic court
    Name of mechanism
    Gacaca Court

  • Literature

    Hogg, Nicole - Women’s Participation in the Rwandan Genocide...

    Year
    2010
    Issues
    Female Perpetrators of Sexual Violence
    Country
    Rwanda
    Keywords
    Genocide Hatred Propaganda Women as Combatants

    Reference link
    http://www.corteidh.or.cr/tablas/r24600.pdf
    Full reference
    Hogg, Nicole, "Women’s Participation in the Rwandan Genocide: Mothers or Monsters?", in International Review of the Red Cross , 2010, vol. 92, no. 877, pp. 69-102.
    Type of literature
    Journal Article
    Research focus
    Perpetrators and Prevention
    Author
    Hogg, Nicole
    Type of mechanism
    International Criminal Tribunal/Court, Domestic court
    Name of mechanism
    International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), Gacaca Court

  • Literature

    Hirschauer, Sabine - The Secularization of Rape...

    Year
    2014
    Issues
    Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War
    Country
    Rwanda, Bosnia Herzegovina
    Keywords
    Mass Rape Genocide

    Reference link
    https://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781137410818
    Full reference
    Hirschauer, Sabine, The Secularization of Rape: Women, War and Sexual Violence, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
    Type of literature
    Book
    Research focus
    Causality, Functionality and Logic of Conflict-related Sexual Violence
    Author
    Hirschauer, Sabine
    Type of mechanism
    International Criminal Tribunal/Court
    Name of mechanism
    International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)

  • Literature

    Haenen, Iris - Force & Marriage. The Criminalisation of Forced Marriage...

    Year
    2014
    Issues
    Definitions/Elements of Sexual Violence Crimes
    Country
    United Kingdom, Sierra Leone, Cambodia, Netherlands
    Keywords
    Forced Marriage Genocide Rome Statute Domestic Law Crimes Against Humanity

    Reference link
    https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/12533518/Haenen_Force_24_06_2014_emb_tot_25_06_2016_zonder_titpag.pdf
    Full reference
    Haenen, Iris, Force & Marriage. The Criminalisation of Forced Marriage in Dutch, English and International Criminal Law, Intersentia, Cambridge/Antwerp, 2014.
    Type of literature
    Book
    Research focus
    Gaps in the Jurisprudence and Legislation on Conflict-related Sexual Violence crimes
    Author
    Haenen, Iris
    Type of mechanism
    International Criminal Tribunal/Court, Hybrid court
    Name of mechanism
    Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), Extraordinary Chambers of the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), International Criminal Court

  • Literature

    Green, Llezlie L. - Gender Hate Propaganda and Sexual Violence...

    Year
    2002
    Issues
    Socio-cultural Context of Sexual Violence
    Country
    Rwanda
    Keywords
    Media Racist Propaganda Genocide

    Reference link
    https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2272193
    Full reference
    Green, Llezlie L., "Gender Hate Propaganda and Sexual Violence in the Rwandan Genocide: An Argument for Intersectionality in International Law", in Columbia Human Rights Law Review, 2002, vol. 33, no. 733, pp. 733-776.
    Type of literature
    Journal Article
    Research focus
    Causality, Functionality and Logic of Conflict-related Sexual Violence
    Author
    Green, Llezlie L.
    Type of mechanism
    International Criminal Tribunal/Court
    Name of mechanism
    International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)

  • Literature

    Goldstein, Anne T. - Recognizing Forced Impregnation as a War Crime...

    Year
    1993
    Issues
    Definitions/Elements of Sexual Violence Crimes

    Reference link
    https://www.worldcat.org/title/recognizing-forced-impregnation-as-a-war-crime-under-international-law-a-special-report-of-the-international-program/oclc/32804993?referer=di&ht=edition
    Full reference
    Goldstein, Anne T., Recognizing Forced Impregnation as a War Crime Under International Law, The Center for Reproductive Law and Policy, 1993.
    Type of literature
    Book
    Research focus
    Gaps in the Jurisprudence and Legislation on Conflict-related Sexual Violence crimes
    Author
    Goldstein, Anne T.

  • Literature

    Gartner, Rosemary and McCarthy, Bill - The Oxford Handbook of Gender, Sex and Crime

    Year
    2019

    Reference link
    http://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-oxford-handbook-of-gender-sex-and-crime-9780190947354?prevSortField=9&sortField=8&start=0&resultsPerPage=20&q=sexual%20violence%20against%20women&prevNumResPerPage=20&lang=en&cc=de
    Full reference
    Rosemary Gartner and Bill McCarthy (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Gender, Sex and Crime, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2019.
    Type of literature
    Book

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