Sexual Crimes in Conflict Database
A collection of relevant literature and case law
Showing 21 to 30 of 67 results.
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Jurisprudence judicial mechanism
ICTY - Zejnil Delalic (Mucic et al. "Celebici Camp")
- Year
- 2001
- Issues
- Modes of Liability Evidentiary Rules Regarding Sexual Violence Prosecutions
- Country
- Former Yugoslavia
- Keywords
- Acquittal Command Responsibility Prior Sexual Conduct Akayesu
- Reference link
- http://www.icty.org/cases/party/676/4
- Type of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal/Court
- Name of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
- Name of accused
- Zejnil Delalic
- Charges
- Delalic was charged with sexual violence as war crimes under Article 7(3) (command responsibility) – see the case of Zdravko Mucic for the crimes he was charged with as well (and even more).
- Trial chamber verdict
- Delalic was acquitted by the Trial Chamber of all charges on 16 November 1998, thus the sexual violence charges included, because it was not established that he had superior responsibility over Celebici prison-camp, its commander, deputy commander or guards.
- Appeals chamber verdict
- Delalic’s acquittal on all charges was affirmed by the Appeals Chamber on 20 February 2001.
- Status
- 2715
- Case number
- IT-96-21
-
Jurisprudence judicial mechanism
Kosovo UNMIK and EULEX - Milos Jokic
- Year
- 2002
- Issues
- Achievements and Challenges of Sexual Violence Prosecution Evidentiary Rules Regarding Sexual Violence Prosecutions
- Country
- Kosovo
- Keywords
- Acquittal Credibility or Character of the Victim Genocidal Rape
- Reference link
- http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/serbs-acquitted-of-war-rapes-in-kosovo
- Type of mechanism
- District Court
- Name of mechanism
- Gjilan/Gnjilane District Court
- Name of accused
- Milos Jokic
- Charges
- Jokic was charged with genocide, including with: - the rape of a Kosovo Albanian female on 30 May 1999. On the first day of trial the prosecutor filed an amended indictment which included this allegation of rape.
- Trial chamber verdict
- The trial took place in Gjilan/Gnjilane District Court, between 15 May and 20 September 2000, before a majority local panel (with one international judge), and with a local public prosecutor, which convicted Jokic of war crimes, including rape, FRY Criminal Code 142, and sentenced him to 20 years’ imprisonment.
- Appeals chamber verdict
- On 26 April 2001 the Supreme Court reversed the conviction on the grounds that the District Court had failed to consider the evidence carefully and had failed to call Defense witnesses. The case was remanded back to the Gjilan/Gnjilane District Court. A majority international UNMIK panel and an international UNMIK prosecutor handled the retrial of the case. On 3 May 2002, the panel found Jokic not guilty on all counts on the grounds that the eye-witness identification was not credible.
- Status
- 2715
-
Jurisprudence judicial mechanism
ICTR - Emmanuel Bagambiki ("Ntagerura et al.")
- Year
- 2004
- Issues
- Evidentiary Rules Regarding Sexual Violence Prosecutions
- Country
- Rwanda
- Keywords
- Acquittal Amicus Curiae Withdrawal of Charges In Absentia Extradition
- Reference link
- http://unictr.unmict.org/en/cases/ictr-99-46
- Type of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal/Court
- Name of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
- Name of accused
- Emmanuel Bagambiki
- Status
- 2715
- Case number
- ICTR-99-46
-
Jurisprudence judicial mechanism
ICTY - Dario Kordic (“Kordic & Cerkez”)
- Year
- 2004
- Issues
- Achievements and Challenges of Sexual Violence Prosecution Definitions/Elements of Sexual Violence Crimes
- Country
- Former Yugoslavia
- Keywords
- Acquittal Unclear Indictment
- Reference link
- http://www.icty.org/cases/party/705/4
- Type of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal/Court
- Name of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
- Name of accused
- Dario Kordic (“Kordic & Cerkez”)
- Charges
- - Inhumane acts as crimes against humanity and inhuman treatment as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as a war crime under Article 7(1) for the sexual assault of Witness TW21 in Vitez in April 1993, the rape in Nadioci, and the rape of Adina Jusic. - Persecution as a crime against humanity; - Wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as a war crime; - Inhuman treatment as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as a war crime; - Violence to life and person as a violation of the laws or customs of war as a war crime; - Inhuman treatment as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as a war crime (another count than the one cited above); and - Cruel treatment as a violation of the laws or customs of war as a war crime.
- Trial chamber verdict
- Kordic was found guilty by the Trial Chamber on 26 February 2001 of: - Inhumane acts as crimes against humanity and inhuman treatment as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as a war crime. Kordic was found not guilty by the Trial Chamber of: - Persecution as a crime against humanity; - Wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as a war crime; - Inhuman treatment as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as a war crime; - Violence to life and person as a violation of the laws or customs of war as a war crime; - Inhuman treatment as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as a war crime (another count than the one cited above); and - Cruel treatment as a violation of the laws or customs of war as a war crime.
- sentencing
- Kordic was sentenced by the Appeals Chamber to 25 years’ imprisonment on 17 December 2004 (for other charges).
- Appeals chamber verdict
- The Appeals Chamber reversed Kordic’s convictions for sexual violence on 17 December 2004 – i.e. inhumane acts as crimes against humanity and inhuman treatment as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as a war crime – as it found that the incidents of sexual violence were not charged in the indictment or proved.
- Status
- 2715
- Case number
- IT-95-14/2
-
Jurisprudence judicial mechanism
ICTY - Mario Cerkez (“Kordic & Cerkez”)
- Year
- 2004
- Issues
- Achievements and Challenges of Sexual Violence Prosecution Definitions/Elements of Sexual Violence Crimes
- Country
- Former Yugoslavia
- Keywords
- Acquittal Unclear Indictment
- Reference link
- http://www.icty.org/cases/party/705/4
- Type of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal/Court
- Name of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
- Name of accused
- Mario Cerkez (“Kordic & Cerkez”)
- Charges
- - Inhumane acts as crimes against humanity and inhuman treatment as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as a war crime under Article 7(1) for the sexual assault of Witness TW21 in Vitez in April 1993; - Persecution as a crime against humanity; - Wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as a war crime; - Inhuman treatment as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as a war crime; - Violence to life and person as a violation of the laws or customs of war as a war crime; - Inhuman treatment as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as a war crime (another count than the one cited above); and - Cruel treatment as a violation of the laws or customs of war as a war crime.
- Trial chamber verdict
- Cerkez was found guilty by the Trial Chamber on 26 February 2001 of: - Inhumane acts as crimes against humanity and inhuman treatment as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as a war crime. Cerkez was found not guilty by the Trial Chamber of: - Persecution as a crime against humanity; - Wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as a war crime; - Inhuman treatment as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as a war crime; - Violence to life and person as a violation of the laws or customs of war as a war crime; - Inhuman treatment as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as a war crime (another count than the one cited above); and - Cruel treatment as a violation of the laws or customs of war as a war crime.
- sentencing
- Cerkez was sentenced by the Appeals Chamber to 6 years’ imprisonment on 17 December 2004 (for other charges).
- Appeals chamber verdict
- The Appeals Chamber reversed Cerkez's conviction for sexual violence on 17 December 2004 – i.e. inhumane acts as crimes against humanity and inhuman treatment as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as a war crime – as it found that incidents of sexual violence were not charged in the indictment or not proved.
- Status
- 2715
- Case number
- IT-95-14/2
-
Jurisprudence judicial mechanism
ICTY - Tihomir Blaskic
- Year
- 2004
- Issues
- Modes of Liability
- Country
- Former Yugoslavia
- Keywords
- Acquittal Command Responsibility Effective Control Cumulative Conviction
- Reference link
- http://www.icty.org/cases/party/667/4
- Type of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal/Court
- Name of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
- Name of accused
- Tihomir Blaskic
- Charges
- Inhuman treatment as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as a war crime and cruel treatment as a violation of the laws or customs of war as a war crime under Article 7(3) (command responsibility), which included rapes of Bosnian Muslims detained by the HVO in Rotilj village (Kiseljak municipality) and in Dubravica primary school (Vitez municipality) and committed by the HVO soldiers and Military Police.
- Trial chamber verdict
- Blaskic was found guilty by the Trial Chamber on 3 March 2000 for the sexual violence charges.
- sentencing
- Blaskic was sentenced to 9 years’ imprisonment on 29 July 2004 (for other charges).
- Appeals chamber verdict
- The Appeals Chamber on 29 July 2004 dismissed both convictions as the cruel treatment as a violation of the laws or customs of war as a war crime conviction was considered to be an impermissible cumulative conviction, while the inhuman treatment as a grave breach of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as a war crime could not be sustained since Blaskic was held not have exercised effective control over his subordinates responsible for the rapes.
- Status
- 2715
- Case number
- IT-95-14
-
Jurisprudence judicial mechanism
ICTR - Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda
- Year
- 2005
- Issues
- Definitions/Elements of Sexual Violence Crimes Evidentiary Rules Regarding Sexual Violence Prosecutions
- Country
- Rwanda
- Keywords
- Acquittal Command Responsibility Inhuman Treatment Genocidal Rape
- Reference link
- http://www.unictr.org/en/cases/ictr-99-54a
- Type of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal/Court
- Name of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
- Name of accused
- Jean de Dieu Kamuhanda
- Charges
- Rape as a crime against humanity, other inhumane acts as crimes against humanity, outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment, rape and indecent assault as a violation of Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II as war crimes and violence to health and to the physical or mental well-being of civilians as a violation of Article 3 common to the Geneva Conventions and of Additional Protocol II as war crimes under Article 6(1) (direct responsibility) and 6(3) (command responsibility), for the rapes of Tutsi women committed during various attacks, including on the school in Kikomero, in Kigali-rural prefecture, on or about 12 April 1994.
- Trial chamber verdict
- The Trial Chamber on 22 January 2004 found Kamuhanda not guilty of all sexual violence charges. The Trial Chamber held that there was insufficient evidence of the alleged sexual violence.
- sentencing
- Kamuhanda was sentenced to life imprisonment on 19 September 2005.
- Appeals chamber verdict
- The Prosecution did not appeal Kamuhanda’s acquittals for the sexual violence crimes.
- Status
- 2715
- Case number
- ICTR-99-54A
-
Jurisprudence judicial mechanism
ICTR - Juvenal Kajelijeli
- Year
- 2005
- Issues
- Definitions/Elements of Sexual Violence Crimes
- Country
- Rwanda
- Keywords
- Acquittal Other Inhumane Acts Command Responsibility
- Reference link
- http://unictr.unmict.org/en/cases/ictr-98-44a
- Type of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal/Court
- Name of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)
- Name of accused
- Juvenal Kajelijeli
- Charges
- The sexual violence charges were charged as:- Conspiracy to commit genocide for causing serious bodily or mental harm under Articles 6(1) (direct responsibility) and 6(3) (command responsibility).- Rape as a crime against humanity; - Persecution as a crime against humanity; - Other inhumane acts as crimes against humanity
- Trial chamber verdict
- Kajelijeli was found not guilty by the Trial Chamber (on 1 December 2003) of: - Conspiracy to commit genocide for causing serious bodily or mental harm - Rape as a crime against humanity; according to the Trial Chamber, the Prosecution had failed to prove Kajelijeli’s responsibility beyond a reasonable doubt under either Article 6(1) or 6(3), with Judge Ramaroson dissenting.- Persecution as a crime against humanity; this count was withdrawn by the Chamber on the request of the Prosecution during the closing arguments. The Prosecution chose to withdraw the charge due to insufficient evidence.- Other inhumane acts as crimes against humanity; according to the Trial Chamber, the Prosecution had failed to prove Kajelijeli’s responsibility beyond a reasonable doubt under either Article 6(1) or 6(3), with Judge Ramaroson dissenting.
- sentencing
- Kajelijeli received a sentence of 45 years’ imprisonment on 23 May 2005.
- Appeals chamber verdict
- Kajelijeli’s acquittal for the sexual violence crimes was not appealed by the Prosecution.
- Status
- 2715
- Case number
- ICTR-98-44A
-
Jurisprudence judicial mechanism
ICTY - Miroslav Kvocka (“Kvocka et al.”)
- Year
- 2005
- Issues
- Modes of Liability Definitions/Elements of Sexual Violence Crimes
- Country
- Former Yugoslavia
- Keywords
- Acquittal Akayesu Cumulative Conviction Extended Joint Criminal Enterprise Forced to watch Rape Forced Nudity Foreseeable Consequence Mental Harm Persecution on Sexual Grounds Kunarac
- Reference link
- http://www.icty.org/cases/party/722/4
- Type of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal/Court
- Name of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
- Name of accused
- Miroslav Kvocka (“Kvocka et al.”)
- Charges
- - Persecution as a crime against humanity under Article 7(1) (JCE) for sexual assault and rape of Bosnian Muslims, Bosnian Croats and other non-Serbs detained in Omarska camp; - Inhumane acts as crimes against humanity and outrages upon personal dignity as a violation of the laws or customs of war as a war crime for sexual assault and rape of Bosnian Muslims, Bosnian Croats and other non-Serbs detained in Omarska camp.
- Trial chamber verdict
- Kvocka was found guilty by the Trial Chamber on 2 November 2001 of: - Persecution as a crime against humanity. Kvocka was found not guilty by the Trial Chamber of: - Inhumane acts as crimes against humanity and outrages upon personal dignity as a violation of the laws or customs of war as a war crime for sexual assault and rape of Bosnian Muslims, Bosnian Croats and other non-Serbs detained in Omarska camp.
- sentencing
- Kvocka was sentenced by the Appeals Chamber to 7 years’ imprisonment on 28 February 2005 (for other charges).
- Appeals chamber verdict
- Although Kvocka was initially found guilty by the Trial Chamber of persecution as a crime against humanity for the sexual violence crimes, this conviction was reversed by the Appeals Chamber on 28 February 2005.
- Status
- 2715
- Case number
- IT-98-30/1
-
Jurisprudence judicial mechanism
ICTY - Zoran Zigic (“Kvocka et al.”)
- Year
- 2005
- Issues
- Definitions/Elements of Sexual Violence Crimes Modes of Liability Achievements and Challenges of Sexual Violence Prosecution
- Country
- Former Yugoslavia
- Keywords
- Acquittal Akayesu Cumulative Conviction Extended Joint Criminal Enterprise Foreseeable Consequence Forced Nudity Forced to watch Rape Mental Harm Persecution on Sexual Grounds Kunarac
- Reference link
- http://www.icty.org/cases/party/722/4
- Type of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal/Court
- Name of mechanism
- International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)
- Name of accused
- Zoran Zigic (“Kvocka et al.”)
- Charges
- - Persecution as a crime against humanity under Article 7(1) (JCE) for sexual assault and rape of Bosnian Muslims, Bosnian Croats and other non-Serbs detained in Omarska camp. - Inhumane acts as crimes against humanity and outrages upon personal dignity as a violation of the laws or customs of war as a war crime for sexual assault and rape of Bosnian Muslims, Bosnian Croats and other non-Serbs detained in Omarska camp.
- Trial chamber verdict
- Zigic was found guilty by the Trial Chamber on 2 November 2001 of: - Persecution as a crime against humanity under Article 7(1) (JCE). Zigic was found not guilty by the Trial Chamber of: - Inhumane acts as crimes against humanity and outrages upon personal dignity as a violation of the laws or customs of war as a war crime.
- sentencing
- Zigic was sentenced by the Appeals Chamber to 25 years’ imprisonment on 28 February 2005 (for other charges).
- Appeals chamber verdict
- Although Zigic was initially found guilty by the Trial Chamber of persecution as a crime against humanity for the sexual violence crimes, this conviction was reversed by the Appeals Chamber on 28 February 2005.
- Status
- 2715
- Case number
- IT-98-30/1
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